Ibihe byiterambere hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryubushinwa bushingiye kumazi

Incamake y'amazi ashingiye kumazi

Irangi rishingiye ku mazi, rizwi kandi nka wino y'amazi cyangwa wino y'amazi, ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gucapa bifashisha amazi nk'umuti nyamukuru. Amata yacyo arimo ibishishwa byamazi, ibinyabuzima bidafite ubumara bwangiza, inyongeramusaruro ihindura imikorere, hamwe na solve, byose byitondewe kandi bivanze. Inyungu nyamukuru ya wino ishingiye kumazi iri mubidukikije byangiza ibidukikije: ikuraho ikoreshwa ryumuti w’ubumara w’ubumara uhindagurika, bigatuma hatabaho ingaruka z’ubuzima ku bakora mu gihe cyo gucapa kandi nta mwanda uhumanya ikirere. Byongeye kandi, kubera imiterere yacyo idacana, ikuraho ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’umuriro n’ibisasu mu icapiro ry’akazi, bikongera cyane umutekano w’umusaruro. Ibicuruzwa byacapishijwe irangi rishingiye ku mazi nta bintu bifite ubumara busigaye, bigera ku kurengera ibidukikije byuzuye bituruka ku isoko kugeza ku bicuruzwa byarangiye. Irangi rishingiye ku mazi rirakwiriye cyane cyane mu gupakira ibicuruzwa bifite isuku ihanitse, nk'itabi, inzoga, ibiryo, ibinyobwa, imiti, n'ibikinisho by'abana. Itanga amabara maremare, ubwiza buhebuje, imbaraga zikomeye zo gusiga amabara zitangiza ibyapa byandika, gufata neza nyuma yo gucapa, kwihuta byumye kugirango bihuze ibikenewe bitandukanye, hamwe n’amazi meza yo guhangana n’amazi, bigatuma bikwiranye no gucapa amabara ane no gucapa amabara. . Kubera izo nyungu, wino ishingiye kumazi ikoreshwa cyane mumahanga. Nubwo Ubushinwa bwateye imbere nogukoresha wino ishingiye kumazi byatangiye nyuma, byateye imbere byihuse. Hamwe n’isoko ryiyongera ku isoko, ubwiza bwa wino ishingiye ku mazi yo mu gihugu ikomeje gutera imbere, gutsinda imbogamizi za tekiniki hakiri kare nko kumara igihe kinini cyumye, ububengerane budahagije, kutarwanya amazi nabi, hamwe n’ingaruka zo gucapa. Kugeza ubu, wino ishingiye ku mazi yo mu gihugu igenda yiyongera ku isoko ryayo bitewe no kuzamura ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa no guhangana ku isoko, bikundwa n’abakoresha kandi bikabona isoko rihamye.

Itondekanya ryamazi ashingiye kumazi

Irangi rishingiye ku mazi rishobora kugabanywa cyane cyane muburyo butatu: wino-amazi-ere-wike, wino ya alkaline-soluble, na wino ikwirakwizwa. Irangi ryamazi yamazi akoresha ibisigazwa byamazi nkibitwara, bigashonga wino mumazi; irangi ya alkaline-soluble ikoresha alkaline-soluble resin, bisaba ibintu bya alkaline gushonga wino; wino itatanye ikora ihagarikwa rihamye mukwirakwiza ibice bya pigment mumazi.

Iterambere Amateka Yamazi ashingiye kumazi

Iterambere rya wino ishingiye ku mazi irashobora guhera mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati igihe imyumvire y’ibidukikije igenda yiyongera ndetse n’impungenge z’ingaruka ku bidukikije zatewe na wino zishingiye ku musemburo byatumye hakorwa ubushakashatsi no gukoresha wino ikabura amazi. Kwinjira mu kinyejana cya 21, hamwe n’amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije ku isi, inganda zishingiye ku mazi zateye imbere vuba. Mu ntangiriro ya 2000, ubwoko bushya bwa wino ishingiye ku mazi nka wino ya alkaline-soluble wino na wino itatanye byatangiye kugaragara, buhoro buhoro busimbuza bimwe mu isoko ry’isoko rya wino gakondo. Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’imyumvire yimbitse yo gucapa icyatsi n’iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga, imikorere ya wino ishingiye ku mazi yagiye ikomeza gutera imbere, imirima yabyo iraguka, kandi ihinduka icyerekezo cy’iterambere mu bucuruzi bwo gucapa.

Urunigi rwinganda rwamazi ashingiye kumazi

Inganda zo hejuru zino zishingiye kumazi zirimo cyane cyane kubyara no gutanga ibikoresho fatizo nka resin, pigment, ninyongeramusaruro. Mubikorwa byo hasi, wino ishingiye kumazi ikoreshwa cyane mugupakira ibicuruzwa, gucapa ibitabo, gucuruza kwamamaza, no gucapa imyenda. Bitewe n’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije hamwe n’imikorere myiza yo gucapa, bigenda bisimbuza buhoro buhoro inkingi gakondo zishingiye kuri solvent, ihinduka ihitamo rikomeye mu icapiro.

Ibihe byubu Isoko ry’amazi ashingiye ku isoko

Mu 2022, umusaruro rusange w’inganda zitwikiriye Ubushinwa, wibasiwe n’isoko ry’imitungo itimukanwa ndetse n’ingaruka z’icyorezo ku isoko ry’umuguzi, zanditseho toni miliyoni 35.72, zikaba zaragabanutseho 6% umwaka ushize. Ariko, mu 2021, inganda zo gucapa zerekanye gukira no kuzamuka kwiterambere. Muri uwo mwaka, inganda zo gucapa no kororoka mu Bushinwa - zirimo gucapa ibitabo, gucapa bidasanzwe, gupakira no gushariza imitako, hamwe n’ubucuruzi bundi bushya bwo gucapa, hamwe n’ibikoresho bifitanye isano no gutanga ibikoresho ndetse n’imyororokere - byinjije amafaranga angana na miliyari 1.330138 y’amafaranga y’amafaranga y'u Rwanda, yiyongeraho 10.93% guhera mu mwaka ushize, nubwo inyungu zose zagabanutse kugera kuri miliyari 54.517 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda, igabanuka rya 1.77%. Muri rusange, Ubushinwa bukoresha imigezi ikoreshwa na wino ishingiye kumazi byateye imbere kugirango bikure kandi byuzuye. Mu gihe ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa bugenda bwiyongera buhoro buhoro kandi bukinjira mu nzira ihamye y’iterambere nyuma y’icyorezo, biteganijwe ko icyifuzo cy’amazi y’ibidukikije cyangiza ibidukikije kizakomeza kwiyongera no kwaguka. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Ubushinwa bwakoraga buri mwaka wino ishingiye ku mazi yari toni 79.700; muri 2013, iyi mibare yari imaze kurenga toni 200.000; kandi mu 2022, umusaruro wose w’inganda zishingiye ku mazi zishingiye ku mazi mu Bushinwa warushijeho kwiyongera kugera kuri toni 396.900, hamwe na wino ishingiye ku mazi yo mu bwoko bwa gravure icapa hafi 7.8%, ikaba ifite umugabane w’isoko. Ibi birerekana iterambere ryihuse n’iterambere ry’inganda z’amazi zishingiye ku mazi mu Bushinwa mu myaka icumi ishize. Amarushanwa yo mu gihugu mu nganda zishingiye ku mazi ashingiye ku mazi mu Bushinwa arakaze, aho amasosiyete menshi arimo inganda zikomeye nka Bauhinia Ink, Ishoramari rya DIC, Hanghua Ink, Ikoranabuhanga rya Guangdong Tianlong, Zhuhai Letong Chemical, Guangdong Ink Group, na Guangdong JiaJing Technology Co. . Bamwe mu bakora ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane bishingiye ku mazi bishingiye ku mazi na bo barushanwe ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa binyuze mu bufatanye bwimbitse n’amasosiyete yaho cyangwa bashiraho ibirindiro by’ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa. Ikigaragara ni uko mu masosiyete akomeye yavuzwe, bamwe bashyize ku rutonde neza, nka Letong Co, Hanghua Co, na Tianlong Group. Mu 2022, Itsinda rya Guangdong Tianlong ryitwaye neza mu bijyanye n’amafaranga yinjira mu bikorwa, rirenga cyane amasosiyete yashyizwe ku rutonde Letong Co na Hanghua Co.

Politiki mu nganda zishingiye ku mazi

Iterambere ry’inganda zishingiye ku mazi mu Bushinwa riyobowe cyane kandi rishyigikiwe na politiki n’amabwiriza y’igihugu. Mu myaka yashize, kubera ko igihugu cyibanda cyane ku kurengera ibidukikije n’ingamba zirambye z’iterambere kandi bigashimangira imicungire y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere (volatile organic compound), guverinoma yashyizeho ingamba za politiki zigamije guteza imbere iterambere rya wino ishingiye ku mazi inganda. Ku bijyanye na politiki y’ibidukikije, amategeko n’amabwiriza nka "Itegeko rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa ku bijyanye no gukumira no kurwanya umwanda w’ikirere" na "Gahunda y’inganda zikomeye zo kugabanya inganda VOCs" yashyizeho ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu icapiro no gupakira inganda. Ibi bihatira ibigo bireba guhinduranya ibicuruzwa byangiza ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije bifite imyuka mibi ya VOC cyangwa nkeya, nka wino ishingiye ku mazi, bityo bigatuma isoko ryaguka ku nganda.

Inzitizi mu nganda zishingiye ku mazi

Mu gihe inganda zishingiye ku mazi zifite akamaro gakomeye mu guteza imbere kurengera ibidukikije n’iterambere rirambye, nazo zihura n’ibibazo byinshi. Mu buryo bwa tekinoloji, nubwo wino ishingiye kumazi ifite imikorere myiza yibidukikije, imiterere yimiti yabyo, nkumuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko ukabije, kutamenyera neza gucapura insimburangingo, hamwe nuburabyo buke hamwe n’amazi yo kurwanya amazi ugereranije na wino ishingiye kumashanyarazi, iracyakeneye kunozwa. Ibi bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo murwego rwohejuru rwo gucapa. Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyumusaruro, ibibazo nko kugenzura umutekano birashobora kuvuka, nko gutondeka no gutobora wino, bigomba gukemurwa binyuze muburyo bwo kunoza amata, kunoza imikorere, no kongera imbaraga zo gucunga no kubika. Ku isoko, wino ishingiye ku mazi ifite igiciro kinini cyane, cyane cyane ishoramari ryibikoresho byambere hamwe nigiciro cyo guhindura ikoranabuhanga, bigatuma ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse byitondera gufata wino ishingiye kumazi kubera ibibazo byubukungu. Byongeye kandi, kumenyekanisha no kwakira wino ishingiye ku mazi n’abaguzi n’inganda bigomba kunozwa. Iyo kuringaniza inyungu zubukungu ninyungu zibidukikije, ibintu byigiciro birashobora gushyirwa imbere kuruta ingaruka z ibidukikije.

Amahirwe yinganda zishingiye kumazi

Inganda zishingiye ku mazi zifite ejo hazaza heza, hamwe niterambere ryiza. Mu gihe ubukangurambaga ku bidukikije ku isi bukomeje kwiyongera ndetse na guverinoma zishyiraho amategeko akomeye yo kurengera ibidukikije, cyane cyane kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, isoko ry’isoko rya wino rishingiye ku mazi nk’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije ku nkunga gakondo zishingiye ku kwangiza. Mubice nko gucapira gupakira, gucapa ibirango, no gucapa ibitabo, wino ishingiye kumazi itoneshwa kubintu byayo bidafite uburozi, impumuro nziza, umwanda muke wujuje ibyangombwa byumutekano wibiribwa. Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu iterambere ry’inganda zishingiye ku mazi, hamwe n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi n’inganda bikomeje kongera ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ry’amazi rishingiye ku mazi R&D, rigamije gukemura ikibazo cy’ibicuruzwa biriho mu guhangana n’ikirere, umuvuduko wumye, no gufatira hamwe kugira ngo byuzuze hejuru -kwohereza isoko ryo gucapa. Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe no gukoresha ibikoresho n’ikoranabuhanga rishya, imikorere y’ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku mazi bizarushaho gutera imbere, birashoboka gusimbuza ibicuruzwa bya wino gakondo mu mirima myinshi. Byongeye kandi, mu rwego rw’imihindagurikire y’ubukungu ku isi, ibigo byinshi byibanda ku nshingano z’imibereho n’iterambere rirambye, bihitamo ibikoresho bitangiza ibidukikije mu musaruro. Inganda zishingiye ku mazi rero zihura n’amahirwe atigeze abaho mu iterambere, cyane cyane mu nzego nko gupakira ibiryo, ibikinisho by’abana, no gupakira ibicuruzwa bya buri munsi, aho isoko rizakomeza kwiyongera. Muri make, ingano y’isoko ry’inganda zishingiye ku mazi biteganijwe ko izakomeza kwiyongera, bitewe na politiki no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, kugera ku miterere y’inganda no kuzamura iterambere, kandi igenda itera imbere igana ku rwego rwo hejuru no kurengera ibidukikije. Kwishyira hamwe kwinshi kwamasoko yimbere mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga, hamwe no kongera abaguzi kubicuruzwa byacapwe byatsi, bizanazana umwanya munini wamasoko hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryinganda zishingiye kumazi.