Sahaminta Horumarinta Khadadka Biyo-ku-salaysan iyo Daraasadda Khadadka Ku-salaysan Biyo-Beelaha ah ee Polyurethane

Wasakhowga hawada ayaa muddo dheer ahaa walaac weyn, iyadoo qiiqa gaasta sunta ah sida VOC-yada ay yihiin kuwa wax ku biiriya oo ay weheliso ifafaale dabiici ah sida duufaannada siigada. Iyadoo wacyigelinta ilaalinta deegaanka ay sii kordheyso, lana hirgelinayo siyaasado kala duwan oo heer qaran ah, warshadaha daabacaadda, oo ah soo saarista weyn ee VOC, ayaa la kulmay dib-u-habeyn lama huraan ah. Sidaa darteed, khadadka daabacaadda ee saaxiibtinimada leh waxay noqdeen barta ugu muhiimsan cilmi-baarista warshadaha daabacaadda caalamiga ah. Khadadka la heli karo ee deegaanka ku habboon, oo ay ku jiraan khadadka biyaha ku salaysan, khadadka tamarta lagu daweyn karo, iyo saliidda khudaarta ku salaysan, khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa ah kuwa ugu isticmaalka badan. Khadadka biyaha ku salaysan waxay ka kooban yihiin qayb hoose oo dareere organic ah, yaraynta qiiqa VOC iyo waafajinta mabaadi'da ilaalinta deegaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa sidoo kale leh dib-u-dhacyo ay ka mid yihiin qalajinta iyo waqtiyada daawaynta iyo biyaha liidata iyo caabbinta alkali, taas oo xaddidaysa codsigooda khadadka warshadaha dhaqameed. Sidaa darteed, hagaajinta daciifnimadan iyada oo loo marayo beddelka resin waxay noqotay diiradda weyn. Warqadani waxay qeexaysaa horumarinta iyo codsiga khadadka biyaha ku salaysan, daraasadda wax ka beddelka resin, horumarka cilmi baarista daabacaadda khadadka iyadoo la adeegsanayo polyurethane-ku salaysan biyaha, iyo mustaqbalka mustaqbalka ee goobtan.

• Tijaabi

1. Horumarinta Khadadka Biyaha Ku-salaysan

Khadadka waxay leeyihiin taariikh dheer, oo soo ifbaxaya iyada oo ay barbar socoto abuurista daabacaadda. Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay Lithol Red Pigment sannadkii 1900, khadadka ayaa noqday mid baahsan, taasoo keentay in waddamadu maalgashadaan cilmi-baarista khad. Khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa ka soo jeeda dalabaadka sare ee ku-dhaqanka khad. Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa dibadda ka bilaabmay 1960-meeyadii, ugu horrayn si loo dedejiyo qiimaha daabacaadda loona yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta alaabta ceeriin ee ku salaysan batroolka. Khadadkani waxay isticmaaleen xeryahooda dabiiciga ah sida benzene iyo shellac ama sodium lignosulfonate si ay u daboolaan baahiyaha daabacaadda wakhtigaas. Sanadihii 1970-meeyadii, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay soo saareen resin polymer emulsion ah oo leh qolof xudunta u ah iyo qaab dhismeedka shabakad iyagoo polymerization monomers acrylic leh styrene, ilaalinaya dhalaalka khadadka iyo caabbinta biyaha iyadoo la buuxinayo shuruudaha deegaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii wacyigelinta deegaanku korodhay oo la sameeyay sharciyo adag oo deegaanka, saamiga walxaha organic-ku salaysan ee benzene ee khadyada ayaa hoos u dhacay. Sannadihii 1980-aadkii, wadamada Galbeedka Yurub waxay soo bandhigeen fikradaha iyo teknoolojiyadda "daabacaadda khad cagaaran" iyo "daabacaadda cusub ee biyaha ku salaysan."

Warshadaha khad ee Shiinaha waxa ay bilowdeen dhamaadkii Boqortooyadii Qing iyaga oo wax soo saara lacag ah,iyaga oo si weyn ugu tiirsanaa khad la soo dejiyo ilaa 1975kii,markaas oo ay warshada khad ee Tianjin iyo warshada Gangu soo saartay oo ay soo saartay khadkii ugu horeeyay ee biyaha ku salaysan ee gudaha. Sannadkii 1990-aadkii, Shiinuhu waxa uu soo dhoofiyay in ka badan 100 xadhkaha wax-soo-saarka flexo, isaga oo si degdeg ah u horumarinayay isticmaalka khadadka biyaha ku salaysan. Sannadkii 2003dii, Machadka Cilmi-baadhista Tiknoolajiyada Warshadaha ee Shiinaha ayaa si guul leh u soo saaray alaabo la xidhiidha, horraantii 2004tii, Shirkadda Shanghai Meide waxay soo saartay khad heerkul-yar oo biyo ku salaysan oo dhammaystiran oo la kulma jaangooyooyinka Japan iyo Jarmalka. In kasta oo cilmi-baadhista Shiinuhu ku samaysay khadadka biyaha ku salaysan horumar degdeg ah lagu arkay horraantii qarnigii 21-aad, haddana waddamada reer galbeedku waxay hore u gaadheen horumar la taaban karo: qiyaastii 95% badeecadaha flexo iyo 80% ee badeecadaha xuubka ee Maraykanka ayaa isticmaalay khad biyo ku salaysan, halka UK iyo Japan waxay qaateen khad biyo ku salaysan oo cunto iyo baakad dawo ah. Marka la barbardhigo, horumarka Shiinaha ayaa ahaa mid gaabis ah.

Si loo sii horumariyo suuqa, Shiinuhu wuxuu soo bandhigay halbeeggii ugu horreeyay ee khad biyaha ku salaysan bishii Maajo 2007 wuxuuna 2011 u dooday "horumarinta hal-abuurka cagaaran," isaga oo ujeedadiisu tahay in lagu beddelo khad-biyood ku salaysan khad biyo ku salaysan. 2016 "Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee 13aad" ee warshadaha daabacaadda, "cilmi-baaris ku saabsan agabka deegaanka ee biyaha ku salaysan" iyo "daabacaadda cagaaran" ayaa ahaa diiradda muhiimka ah. Sannadkii 2020, horumarinta qaranka ee daabacaadda cagaarka iyo dhijitaalka ah ayaa balaadhisay suuqa khad biyaha ku salaysan.

2. Codsiga Khadadka Biyaha Ku Salaysan

Horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, Maraykanku wuxuu markii ugu horraysay ku dabaqay khadadka biyaha ku salaysan daabacaadda flexo. Sannadkii 1970-aadkii, khadad biyo-ku-salaysan oo tayo sare leh ayaa si aad ah loogu isticmaali jiray waraaqo baakad oo kala duwan, shalefyada buugaagta qaro weyn, iyo kartoonada. Sannadihii 1980-aadkii, khad biyo-ku-salaysan oo daabacaadda dhalaalaysa iyo matte ah ayaa dibedda lagu soo saaray, iyaga oo ku ballaadhiyay codsigooda maryaha, waraaqaha, PVC, polystyrene, bireed aluminium ah, iyo biraha. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, sababo la xiriira dabeecadahooda deegaanka u saaxiibka ah, kuwa aan sunta ahayn, iyo kuwa badbaadada leh, khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa daabacaadda baakadaha cuntada, sida baakadaha tubaakada iyo dhalooyinka cabitaanka. Sida sharciyada deegaanku u soo hagaagayaan, adeegsiga khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa sii waday inay kala duwanaanayaan oo ay xoojiyaan. Shiinaha ayaa sidoo kale si tartiib tartiib ah u horumarinaya isticmaalkooda warshadaha daabacaadda.

• Natiijooyinka iyo dood

1. Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan Wax-ka-beddelka Resinka

Waxqabadka khadku waxa saameeya kala duwanaanshaha resin. Guud ahaan, xabagta khad biyaha ku salaysan ayaa caadi ahaan ah polyurethane, emulsion acrylic modified, ama resins polyacrylic. Beeyada polyurethane (WPU), oo leh dhalaal sare, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa daabacaadda baakadaha. Markaa, kor u qaadista waxqabadka WPU si loo horumariyo khad-ku-salaysan-biyoodka saaxiibtinimada deegaanka iyo dhalaalku waxay noqotay diiradda warshadaha daabacaadda.

2. Wax ka beddelka Polyurethane-Biyaha Ku-salaysan

Polyurethane-ku-salaysan biyaha, oo ka kooban polyols-molecular-miisaan yar, waxaa loo kala saari karaa polyester, polyeter, iyo noocyo isku-dhafan. Iyada oo ku saleysan sifooyinka kala duwan ee polyester-ka iyo polyeter-ka, xooggooda iyo xasiloonidooda way kala duwan yihiin. Guud ahaan, polyether polyurethane waxay leeyihiin xoog iyo xasilooni ka hooseeya polyester polyurethane laakiin waxay muujinayaan iska caabin heerkul sare oo ka fiican waxayna u nugul yihiin hydrolysis. Tusaale ahaan, kordhinta khad "joogtaynta" iyadoo la isticmaalayo polyetylen glycol monomethyl ether waxay hagaajinaysaa sifooyinka dulqaadka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waa kaliya qodob tixraac ah. Machadyo cilmi-baaris oo kala duwan waxay qaataan habab kala duwan si ay u xoojiyaan dhinacyada gaarka ah ee WPU.

Tusaale ahaan, sannadkii 2010, resins epoxy oo leh ad-adag sare iyo awood saamayn leh ayaa la doortay si wax looga qabto viscosity-ka iyo arrimaha adhesionka, si kor loogu qaado awoodda khad. Sannadkii 2006, daraasad ay daabacday Jaamacadda Kiimikada ee Beijing waxay isticmaashay poliurethane-ku-salaysan ethylene glycol si ay u samayso resin gaar ah oo leh qayb jilicsan oo dheer, hagaajinta dabacsanaanta khad iyo si aan toos ahayn u xoojinta khad biyaha ku salaysan. Kooxaha qaarkood waxay ku gaadhaan natiijooyin wax ka beddel ah iyagoo ku daraya walxaha kiimikaad: ku dara silica ama organosilicon si loo hagaajiyo WPU, taasoo keentay in la xoojiyay xoogga xajinta khad. Nitrile polyurethane ee kaarboxyl-ka la joojiyay ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka qalooca qalinka iyo viscosity, laqabsashada bay'ad aad u adag.

Sidaa darteed, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay caadi ahaan doortaan polyesters gaar ah oo ku saleysan sifooyinka khad, iyagoo isticmaalaya polyacids iyo polyols ku habboon si ay u soo saaraan polyester polyester kulaylka u adkaysta, soo bandhigida kooxaha polar ee leh adhesion xooggan, xulashada alaabta ceeriin ee ku habboon si loo hagaajiyo crystallinity polyurethane, iyo isticmaalka wakiilada isku-xidhka si kor loogu qaado koollada WPU qoyaanka iyo iska caabinta kulaylka.

3. Beddelka Iska caabinta Biyaha

Maadaama khad inta badan loo isticmaalo baakadaha dibadda oo si joogto ah ula xiriiro biyaha, caabbinta biyaha liidata waxay u horseedi kartaa in ay yaraato adkaanta, dhaldhalaalka, iyo xitaa khad diirran ama dhaawac, si weyn u saameeya waxqabadka kaydinta. Hagaajinta iska caabbinta biyaha WPU waxay kor u qaadaysaa waxqabadka kaydinta khad iyadoo la isticmaalayo polyols leh caabbinta biyaha wanaagsan sida alaabta. Tusaale ahaan, wax ka beddelka WPU ee monomers akril ah ama hagaajinta nuxurka resin epoxy waxay hagaajin kartaa caabbinta biyaha khadka.

Marka laga reebo isticmaalka polymers-ka-caabbinta biyaha-sare si loo beddelo polyurethane caadiga ah, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay inta badan ku daraan walxaha organic ama kuwa aan dabiiciga ahayn si loo gaaro saameynta la rabo. Tusaale ahaan, ku darista nanoscale silica galay resin waxay xoojisaa iska caabinta biyaha iyo xoogga, habka loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka khadka. Habka "emulsion copolymerization" wuxuu abuuraa PUA isku dhafan si loo hagaajiyo caabbinta biyaha, halka hababka sida polyetylen glycol monomethyl ether wax ka beddelka iyo isku-darka acetone ee organosilicon-la beddelay WPU ay kor u qaadaan iska caabbinta biyaha.

4. Wax ka beddelka Iska caabinta Heerkulka Sare

Guud ahaan, iska caabinta heerkulka sare ee WPU waa mid daciif ah, xaddidaysa caabbinta kulaylka khad-biyoodka ku salaysan. Polyether polyurethane caadi ahaan waxay leeyihiin iska caabin heerkul sarreeya oo ka wanaagsan polyester polyurethane sababtoo ah tirada labanlaabyada. Ku darida polymers silsilad dheer ama benzene giraanta esters/ethers sida monomers-ka polymerization waxay hagaajinaysaa caabbinta heerkulka sare ee polymer iyo, sidaas awgeed, caabbinta kulaylka khad biyaha ku salaysan. Ka sokow isticmaalka silsiladda dheer ee polyether polyurethane, kooxaha qaarkood waxay isticmaalaan walxo isku dhafan si ay u kordhiyaan kakanaanta oo ay u xoojiyaan iska caabbinta heerkulka sare. Tusaale ahaan, ku darida antimony nano tin oxide WPU oo laga sameeyay DMPA, polyether 220, iyo IPDI waxay awood u siinaysaa lakabyada khad inay nuugaan kulaylka, hagaajinta iska caabbinta heerkulka sare. Ku darista hawada silica ee polyurethane waxay sidoo kale yaraynaysaa dhaqdhaqaaqa kulaylka waxayna kordhisaa caabbinta kulaylka khad.

5. Wax ka beddelka xasiloonida

Xasiloonida WPU waxay si weyn u saamaysaa waxqabadka kaydinta khad ku salaysan biyaha. Ka sokow biyaha iyo iska caabbinta heerkulka sare, miisaanka molecular iyo habaynta qaab dhismeedka ayaa muhiim ah. Xabagta Polyester-ka guud ahaan way ka xasilloon yihiin xabagta polyeter-ka sababtoo ah curaarta hydrogen oo badan ee qaab-dhismeedka molecular. Ku darida maaddooyinka esterka si ay u sameeyaan polyurethane isku dhafan waxay kordhisaa xasilloonida, sida isticmaalka isocyanate iyo kala firdhinta silane si loo abuuro laba qaybood oo WPU ah oo leh xasillooni iyo caabbinta soo-kabashada. Daawaynta kulaylka iyo qaboojintu waxay sidoo kale abuuri kartaa curaarta hydrogen oo dheeraad ah, adkaynta habaynta molecular iyo kor u qaadida xasiloonida WPU iyo waxqabadka kaydinta khad ku salaysan biyaha.

6. Horumarinta Adhesion

Iyadoo la wanaajinayo WPU waxay hagaajinaysaa caabbinta biyaha, iska caabinta heerkulka sare, iyo xasilloonida, WPUs waxay weli muujinayaan ku-xidhnaanta liidata ee polyetylen (PE) alaabta caaga ah sababtoo ah miisaanka molecular iyo polarity. Caadi ahaan, polarity-ka la midka ah iyo polymers-ka miisaanka kellika ah ama monomers ayaa lagu daraa si loo hagaajiyo WPU iyo kor loogu qaado ku-dhejinta khad-biyoodka ku salaysan ee alaabta aan dabaylaha ahayn. Tusaale ahaan, wada-polymerizing WPU oo leh polyvinyl chloride-hydroxyethyl acrylate resin waxay hagaajisaa ku dhegganaanta biyaha ee dhexda khadadka iyo dahaarka. Ku darista resin polyester acrylic ee WPU waxay abuurtaa qaab-dhismeedka isku xidhka unugyadu gaar ah, taasoo si weyn u wanaajisa ku dheggan WPU. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hababkani waxay saameyn karaan hantida asalka ah sida gloss. Sidaa darteed, farsamooyinka warshaduhu waxay daaweeyaan alaabta iyada oo aan la beddelin guryaha si loo hagaajiyo ku dhejinta khad, sida ku kicinta sagxadaha elektiroonigga ah ama daaweynta ololka muddada gaaban si loo kordhiyo xayeysiinta.

• Gabagabo

Hadda, khadadka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa baakadaha cuntada, baakadaha dawooyinka, aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada, buugaagta, iyo dahaarka kale ama codsiyada daabacaadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaddidaaddooda waxqabad ee ku jirta ayaa xaddidaya codsiyada ballaaran. Sida wacyiga deegaanka iyo badbaadadu u korayo iyadoo la wanaajiyey heerarka nolosha, khadadka ku salaysan deegaanka ee biyaha ku salaysan ee yaraynaya qiiqa VOC ayaa si isa soo taraya u bedelaya khadadka ku salaysan dareeraha, caqabada ku ah suuqyada khad dhaqameed ee ku salaysan dareeraha.

Xaaladdan oo kale, kor u qaadida waxqabadka khad iyada oo wax laga beddelayo resins-biyoodka, gaar ahaan polyurethane-ku-salaysan biyaha, iyada oo loo marayo habab cusub oo ay ka mid yihiin nanotechnology iyo isku-darka xeryahooda organic iyo kuwa aan noolaha ahayn ayaa muhiim u ah horumarinta khad-biyo-ku-salaysan mustaqbalka. Sidaa darteed, cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah oo dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan wax ka beddelka resinka ayaa loo baahan yahay si kor loogu qaado waxqabadka khad-biyoodka ee codsiyada ballaaran.